What were they doing a thousand miles from their Mediterranean home? He gave orders for all the rest to arm themselves and to take up their correct positions.

Xenophon relates he was finally killed about a year later.


As he pressed forward Cyrus received a javelin wound under the eye, but before he could recover, enemy soldiers were swarming over him. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) The Greeks were unaware that their royal paymaster was dead. A truce talk was arranged, Tissaphernes being very agreeable to the idea. The Persian bowmen and slingers were so far away they had a good head start on their pursuers and easily evaded them. Xenophon was eating breakfast when two youths came up to him with exciting news: they had stumbled upon a practicable ford. Philosophe, historien et maître de guerre de la Grèce antique, Xénophon naquit en Attique, au cours des premières années de la guerre du Péloponnèse. Xenophon’s men conducted a fighting retreat and managed to link up with the van. Once Greek hoplites had been motivated by loyalty to their native city-state, but at least for some, profit had replaced patriotism. There were Cretan bowmen with Xenophon, but their bows lacked the range of Persian weapons, and they were without protective armor.

Encouraged, the captains told him to repeat the tale to the surviving officers of the entire Greek army. The march began shortly after breakfast, the army adopting the hollow-square formation Xenophon had suggested the previous night during council. The prisoner proved as good as his word, and after many hardships the Greeks successfully evaded the trap and pushed forward. Such civilized comforts would only impede the march.

He then soldiered in Greece for Sparta (earning temporary exile from Athens) and wrote books on horsemanship and cavalry. Hoplites lifted their hoplons (shields) to full port in anticipation of the missile barrage to come. Cyrus himself with 600 body guards was in the center, to the left of the greek mercenaries - the place where Persian monarchs traditionally placed themselves in the order of battle. With their leadership gone the Hellenes might dissolve into a rabble intent only on self-preservation. Cyrus personally charged his brother's bodyguard and was killed by a javelin, which sent the rebels into retreat. The men were also hitting spears against their hoplons, the clatter sounding like a desperately fought battle to those in the rear.

The march resumed, taking on the qualities of Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow 2,200 years later. Men who kept these on overnight found that the oxhide froze on their feet, the straps biting deeply into the flesh. He refused, and later sent able-bodied men back to retrieve them. Xenophon’s account of the battle is an important source for our understanding of the nature of Greek warfare. Get form, results and Timeform Ratings for the horse XENOPHON OF CUNAXA (IRE).

The battle is interesting also as an encounter between armies relying on totally different tactics. By 401 bc the Greeks were becoming less parochial, more cosmopolitan. Cyrus was a prince of Persia’s Achaemenid dynasty, seeking to take over the throne from his older brother Artaxerxes II “The Mindful.” A messenger named Pategyas appeared, his horse well lathered from a hard gallop. These all marched in tribes, each tribe in a dense oblong formation. Philosophy was a Greek passion, but exhausted minds had little time to ruminate on the fall of empires; self-preservation was the immediate concern. Persian infantry, with their small shields, short spears and light or no armour, would have stood no chance against the hoplites at close quarters. To solve the problem, a flexible hollow-square formation was adopted, necessity truly being the mother of invention. Cyrus leapt down from his chariot, put on his breastplate, mounted his horse and took hold of his javelins. Ses mercenaires grecs effectuèrent alors la fameuse retraite des Dix Mille, contée dans l’Anabase de Xénophon.

They all wore helmets except for Cyrus, who went into the battle bare-headed. À la mort de Darius II, roi de Perse, en 404, Artaxerxès II, son fils, monte sur le trône. The long, snaking line of hoplites seemed two or three times their actual number. Ever the fox, Clearchus formed his men in a column only two abreast. Après une marche de 1 400 kilomètres, ses troupes rencontrèrent celles d'Artaxerxès — environ 40 000 hommes, ou près d'un million selon Xénophon — à Counaxa sur la rive gauche de l'Euphrate, à environ 70 km au nord de Babylone [3].

OF THE BATTLE OF CUNAXA In the spring of 401 B.c., Cyrus the Younger, accompanied by some 10,000 Greek mercenaries, set forth for the heart of Persia in high hopes of wresting the throne from his brother Artaxerxes II. Tiribazus, a Persian official under the satrap Orontas, was at their heels, forcing them to move on.
They could cast missiles farther than the Persians, and—when circumstances permitted—prefered to use lead “bullets” instead of stone.

It was a grim prospect no matter how one looked at it; even Socrates, Xenophon’s old teacher in Athens (and not the murdered general), would not have been able to derive much comfort from the perilous situation the Greeks found themselves in. At the signal the strategoi were seized and the rest of their entourage put to the sword. Persian cavalry galloped forward, the riders wearing brown and white tunics and their distinctive tiara headdress. At the same time they all raised a shout like the shout of ‘Eleleu’ which people make to the War God, and then they were all running forward. The prince’s confidence was not entirely the product of youthful arrogance. Xénophon, Athénien de naissance, avait choisi de suivre Agésilas II. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 16 juin 2020 à 14:11.

Although about 600 men, this cavalry was a bodyguard that made up in fighting prowess what it lacked in numbers. Mais lui et les autres généraux grecs furent capturés par traîtrise par le satrape perse Tissapherne, remis au roi Artaxerxès II et décapités.

It was a spectacle that chilled the blood even in the torrid afternoon heat. When they saw them coming the Greeks opened out, though one man stood rooted to the spot, as though he was at a racecourse, and got run down. But when would Tissaphernes make his move? Meanwhile, Artaxerxes' troops took the Greek encampment and destroyed their food supplies. It is the only battle described by him of which he is known to have been an Indeed he not only took part in the battle but was deeply involved emotionally, then and later : he regarded one of the protagonists with little less than hero-worship, another with little less than detestation. On the contrary, as infantry the Greeks “have a surer foundation than your horsemen; they are hanging on horses’ backs afraid not only of us, but of falling off.”. The prince was hacked to pieces, his head and right hand cut off for display. Only after the battle did they hear that Cyrus himself had been killed, making their victory irrelevant and the expedition a failure. Worse still, they were marching inside the hoplite square, cheek by jowl with the milling baggage animals and frightened noncombatants. Then certainly the Greeks pressed on the pursuit vigorously, but they shouted out to each other not to run, but to follow up the enemy without breaking ranks.

As to the native troops, there were about a thousand Paphlagonian cavalry stationed with Clearchus and also the Greek peltasts on the right; Ariaeus, Cyrus’s second-in-command, was on the left with the rest of the native army. The Greeks elected new officers and set out to march northwards to the Black Sea through Corduene and Armenia. At length they arrived at a city called Gymnias.

Athens had been devastated by the Peloponnesian War; half its citizen body was dead, its once-flourishing commercial empire in ruins. Xenophon (431-350 bc) succeeded in his return to Greece. A large Persian army was there, commanded by a bastard brother of Artaxerxes and Cyrus. At Cunaxa, Greek discipline and fervour for combat overcame Persian numbers, as it had done time and again in the wars between the enormous Asiatic empire and the tiny peninsular cluster of Greek city states.

On the contrary, the Carduchians would fight any outsider foolish enough to “invade” the mountain fastness of their rugged domain. Rations grew so short there was barely enough to keep body and soul together. Let it be so,’ and with these words he rode away to his own position in the field. The country behind was picked clean, and they would soon starve. XHTML: You can use these tags:

. Xenophon was with the rear guard when he heard a distant shout from the head of the column.


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