The doctrine of natural frontiers was given its definitive formulation in the course of the French Revolution, and was subsequently applied to ocher European countries, such as Germany or Italy; it was this doctrine chat fuelled the irredentist movements of the second half of the nineteenth century. The truth is that there is no pure race and that to make politics depend upon ethnographic analysis is to surrender it to a chimera. Certainly not. Historical inquiry, in effect, throws light on the violent acts that have taken place at the origin of every political formation, even those that have been the most benevolent in their consequences. Rivers have led races on; mountains have brought them to a halt. During the epoch when these acquisitions were made, there was no idea of natural frontiers, nor of the rights of nations, nor of the will of provinces. However, E.J. Trifling circumstances meant that Philip Augustus did not seize these islands together with the rest of Normandy. is a slave neither of his race nor his language, nor of his religion, nor of the course of rivers nor of the direction taken by mountain chains. If you take a city such as Salonika or Smyrna, you will find there five or six communities each of which has its own memories and which have almost nothing in common. In its closing stages, lofty souls, enlightened bishops, and the educated classes had a real sense of the Pax Romana, which withstood the threatening chaos of barbarism. 10 Germanic elements are not more considerable in the United Kingdom than when they were in France, when she had possession of Alsace and Metz. Each defeat advanced the cause of Italy; each victory spelled doom for Turkey; for Italy is a nation, and Turkey, outside of Asia Minor, is not one. After one or two generations, the Norman invaders no longer distinguished themselves from the rest of the population, although their influence was not any less profound because of this fact; they had given the conquered country a nobility, military habits, and a patriotism that they had not known before. I spoke just now of 'having suffered together' and, indeed, suffering in common unifies more than joy does. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy of memories; the other is present-day consent, the desire to live together, the will to perpetuate the value of the heritage that one has received in an undivided form. This recommendation will bring a smile to the lips of the transcendence of politics, these infallible beings who spend their lives deceiving themselves and who, from the height of their superior principles, take pity upon our mundane concerns. Americans tend to use the words “nation” or “country” to refer to what we mean by the word “state.”7 Nonetheless, the following characteristics can be recognized as the common currency of nation-states in the current global order. 32 0 obj <> endobj If one were to believe some political theorists, a nation is above all a dynasty, representing an earlier conquest, one which was first of all accepted, and then forgotten by the mass of the people. According to the ideas that I am outlining to you, a nation has no more right than a king does to say to a province: 'You belong to me, I am seizing you.'

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