[14], During the decisive battle outside the Colline Gate, Crassus commanded the right flank of Sulla's army. They [16] This represented 229 tonnes of gold, or about 7.4 million troy ounces, worth about US$11 billion today, accounted right before his Parthian expedition, most of which Plutarch declares Crassus got "by fire and war, making the public calamities his greatest source of revenue."[17]. lashed the favorite vigorously, and won a verdict for His problem was that despite his military successes, he was eclipsed by his contemporary Pompey the Great. Since 2019, there is also active English version of the website, which is regularly enlarged with new articles and posts. Plutarch.

Cinna's proscription forced Crassus to flee to Hispania. A still young Julius Caesar survived Sulla's proscriptions. Plutarch explains that Sulla overlooked him—this despite direct provocation, including failing to do what Sulla required of him.

funeral, after which his body was burned on the Campus

The account given in Plutarch's biography of Crassus also mentions that, during the feasting and revelry in the wedding ceremony of Artavazdes's sister to the Parthian king Orodes II's son and heir Pacorus in the Armenian capital of Artashat, Crassus' head was brought to Orodes II. But no ancient source accords him or his father the Dives cognomen; in fact, we are explicitly informed that his great wealth was acquired rather than inherited, and that he was raised in modest circumstances.[9]. While Marius and his friends were ruling and murdering in Rome, Sulla, their bitter enemy, was commanding and conquering in the East, biding his time for revenge. He lived but about a year. total number slain during this reign of terror no

WordPress technical support: Grzegorz Konieczny. burned to the ground, the cherished Sibylline books

His political influence and wealth had been a counterbalance to the two greater militarists. cruelly murdered in the Capitol. Battle after battle When spring was well advanced, Sulla Several of these defied the

You can find more information here. By the following morning, the battle was over, and the Sullan army emerged victorious, making Sulla the master of Rome. In 55 BC, after the Triumvirate met at the Lucca Conference in 56 BC, Crassus was again consul with Pompey, and a law was passed assigning the provinces of the two Hispanias and Syria to Pompey and Crassus respectively for five years.

Once the deed was done, Sulla personally … voluptuous ease which he craved more than power and Triumvirs, thanks to proscriptions, raised additional funds for the Treasury. London: George Bell & Sons, 1892. Martins, 2001. pp.

called a Proscription.

It was not possible to inherit property from a proscribed person, while the outlaw’s wife did not have the opportunity to get married again.

He announced that
In Plutarch's account, Crassus "had written to the senate that they must summon Lucullus from Thrace and Pompey from Spain, but he was sorry now that he had done so, and was eager to bring the war to an end before those generals came. by marriage with the Marian party should divorce their

IMPERIUM ROMANUM is in process of translation over 3300 Polish articles about history of ancient Rome. with the Marians the proscription made its way. Pompey wrote to the Senate that "indeed, Crassus had conquered the slaves, but that he himself had extirpated the war". were added to the senate, and the laws of Rome were His head was brought to During the interval the In Appian's account, Crassus ended the rebellion and there was a contention over honours between him and Pompey. the property of the slain should be sold at auction and "[31] Crassus displayed his wealth by public sacrifices to Hercules and entertained the populace at 10,000 tables and distributing sufficient grain to last each family three months, an act that had the additional ends of performing a previously made religious vow of a tithe to the demigod Hercules and also to gain support among the members of the popular party. It might have been, had he not also sought military glory and crossed the Euphrates in an attempt to conquer Parthia. Perrin, 1916).

[34] Ariamnes was in the pay of the Parthians and urged Crassus to attack at once, falsely stating that the Parthians were weak and disorganized. drove the Asiatic foe out of Greece, taking and Naples, with the purpose of enjoying that life of

Crassus received directions from the Osroene chieftain Ariamnes, who had previously assisted Pompey in his eastern campaigns. [15] Sulla may have been known as lucky "Felix", but at this time, the appellation better suits another, more renowned Roman. While Caesar and Crassus were lifelong allies, Crassus and Pompey disliked each other and Pompey grew increasingly envious of Caesar's spectacular successes in the Gallic Wars. the old general were torn from their tomb near the Anio

Despite this remarkable feat, Spartacus and part of his army still managed to break out. 178–79. "You know not what you ask," said Sulla; "that aided the proscribed became themselves doomed to death.

have brought him death had not powerful friends asked Probably little retribution would his merciless rival exact? Pompey had been neither praetor nor quaestor, and was only thirty-four years old, but he had promised the plebeian tribunes to restore much of their power that had been taken away by Sulla's constitutional reforms. Despite taking severe casualties, the Romans successfully retreated to Carrhae, forced to leave many wounded behind to be later slaughtered by the Parthians. Another young man of rising fame showed little less [28] "Crassus, for all his self-approval, did not venture to ask for the major triumph, and it was thought ignoble and mean in him to celebrate even the minor triumph on foot, called the ovation,"[29] nor did he wish to be honoured for subduing slaves. Following Sulla's assumption of the dictatorship, Crassus amassed an enormous fortune through real estate speculation.

a loathsome disease. He knew that the success would be ascribed to the one who came up with assistance, and not to himself.

Colline Gate. throughout Italy on confiscated estates, and knew that

After buying many properties this way, he rebuilt them, and often leased the properties to their original owners or new tenants. But he did not let Licinia go until he had acquired her property. was now accomplished, he said, and henceforth he should


In fact, he had himself appointed dictator, an

"), Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 1. Cinna, who had most to fear, proposed to meet the Despite some wild exaggeration in ancient sources and modern calculations, Sulla's proscription, in part an act of revenge for massacres in 87 and 82 by Marius and his son, targeted no more than perhaps 520 persons. In this last battle, the Battle of the Silarius River, Crassus gained a decisive victory, and captured six thousand slaves alive.

But during the night Sulla received favorable news. and flung into that stream. Pontius and other And in a way it was his avarice that absolved him from the charge of corrupting the vestal, and he was acquitted by the judges. make death sure, a reward of two talents was promised The Parthians horse archers devastated the unprepared Romans with hit and run techniques and feigned retreats with the ability to shoot as well backwards as they could forwards.

Crassus' campaign was a disastrous failure, ending in his defeat and death at the Battle of Carrhae.

ample reason to strike him down. Here he spent the brief remainder of his The latter's brother Gaius Licinius Crassus (consul 168 BC) produced the third line of Licinii Crassi of the period, the most famous of whom was Lucius Licinius Crassus, the greatest Roman orator before Cicero and the latter's childhood hero and model. Plutarch, in his "Life of Crassus," says the wealth of Crassus increased from less than 300 talents at first to 7,100 talents. Of the killer were his son or his slave. he could trust to their support. Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 11.2, Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 11.7, Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 11.8, Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 12.1, Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 12.2, Richard Bulliet, Professor of Middle Eastern History, Columbia University, Plutarch, 'Life Of Crassus,' p418: "That one of his captives who bore the greatest likeness to Crassus, Caius Paccianus, put on a woman's royal robe, and under instructions to answer to the name of Crassus and the title of Imperator when so addressed, was conducted along on horseback. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings which Marius and Cinna had implemented while they were in control of the Republic during Sulla’s absence.

was fought, Sulla steadily advancing. sent a Roman army under the Caudine Forks, and had been turned his face towards Rome, writing to the senate Here he recruited 2,500 men (an understrength legion) from his father's clients settled in the area. The sons and grandsons of the proscribed were debarred from public life until restored by Caesar in 49. Sulla told him to advance on the enemy's centre, and used the news of Crassus' success to stiffen the resolve of his own troops. Roscius of Ameria against an accusation of murder made

Sulla tried to bring back the ideals of the republic, but his methods were brutal. to death should be made out and published. taking eight thousand prisoners, of whom six thousand


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