(71.) The next generation stressed points of continuity between Progressive reforms and those of the ... Kenneth Finegold, Experts and Politicians: Reform Challenges to Machine Politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 82–88 for Johnson and 107–111 for charter reform in Cleveland. (67.) Political Progressives believed that such reforms would enhance democracy.

Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer. Department of Humanities, Illinois Institute of Technology. On the local level, economic Progressives sought a middle way between socialism and the AFL’s single-minded trade unionism. They abandoned an earlier City Beautiful movement that focused on cultural and aesthetic beautification in favor of systematic planning by architects, engineers, and city planners to secure the economic development desired by business.31 Daniel Burnham’s Chicago Plan (1909) was the work of a committee of men selected by the city’s Commercial Club.32 Experts crafted new master plans to guarantee urban functionality and profitability through “creative destruction,” to build new transportation and communication networks, erect new grand civic buildings and spaces, and zone the city’s functions into distinct sectors. The league urged all city residents to monitor pollution in their neighborhoods.29 The Baltimore Women’s Civic League made smoke abatement a principal target for improving living and working conditions.30 The cost-benefit argument usually won out over the health-first one.
(83.)

They can be faulted for not promoting racial equality or a new internationalism that might bring about global peace rather than war. A socialist administration in Milwaukee appealed to class interests to support an agenda that included municipal ownership. DeSantis, The Shaping of Modern America, 194–199. Ethnic groups were not anti-Progressive but promoted a new Progressive agenda of economic regulation and rights for labor.91 In the face of conflicting interpretations, Peter Filene questioned whether there indeed was a Progressive movement. (32.) Roosevelt appointed a Public Lands Commission to manage public land in the West and appointed a National Conservation Commission to inventory the country’s resources so that sound business practices could be implemented. Belle Case La Follette opposed incursion into Mexico and denounced all militarism as driven by greed, suspicion, and love of power.67, Many Progressives opposed war as an assault on an international collective humanity.

Alan Dawley, Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 81. Abbott briefly held an academic position at Wellesley, but she resigned to join the other women in applying her training to social research and social activism. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings, 236–238, 251–254. Chicago women’s organizations fostered neighborhood centers as spaces for residents to gather and discuss neighborhood needs.16. They monitored the condition of women workers, sat on the war department’s board controlling labor standards, and drafted insurance policies for military personnel. Greene, Pure and Simple Politics, 9, 235.


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