The Role of Marius’s Military Reforms in the Decline of the Roman Republic.

Further reforms to the judicial system were passed to check the acquittals by senatorial juries of senators charged with extortion; the Lex Acilia repetundarum placed extortion trials under the control of the equites class, and trial procedures were redesigned in favour of the prosecution. [21] Other members of the Gracchi family were also accused; Scipio had been in a loveless marriage to Sempronia, sister of the Gracchi brothers and daughter of their mother Cornelia - Scipio referred to his wife as 'deformed' and 'barren'. was a Roman general and popular politician. (October 1, 2020). was a Roman general and politician who overthrew the Roman Republic and established the rule of the emperors.

. Ironically, this same Opimius then later committed fraud and accepted bribes from the Numidian king Jugurtha and, after being convicted, spent his days in disgrace.

Gaius, How did the actions of Tiberius Gracchus change the Roman Republic? He set up two initial measures, the first of which prohibited a magistrate who had been deposed by the people from holding office a second time. [31] Appian adds that within 15 years, all of the progress done under the Gracchi had been overturned and the poor were in a much worse position than ever before, many reduced to unemployment. Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (95-46 B.C.
On the following morning, with much showboating, the body of Antyllius was presented to the Senate as indicative of the measures Gaius would take. Accompanied by only his slave Philocrates, Gaius fled, urged by onlookers though no man offered assistance despite Gaius' repeated requests for aid. The bodies of Gaius, Fulvius and the three thousand supporters who also died were thrown into the Tiber, their property confiscated and sold to the public treasury. Consequently, the landless troops who had nowhere to live after serving posed a dangerous precedent for the Roman hierarchy as senators had to offer retirement benefits like grants of land from newly conquered areas (White, 2011). Unlike Fulvius, Gaius' men were quiet and reflective of future events. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. The senate passed a senatus consultum ultimum, granting Opimius the right to defend the state and rid it of tyrants. Again Marius was victorious. Marius’s motivations behind the reforms did exactly what was wished, to professionalise and revolutionise Rome’s military (Matthew, 2006). When the Senate tried to embarrass him by authorizing the recruitment of additional troops for the unpopular war, Marius took the unprecedented step of enrolling men from the propertyless class, who in the past had been excluded from legionary service. As a result, his legacy suffered - but was Marius a hero or a villain? Born near Arpinum in central Italy, Marius was of country stock. ." [1], The family was attached to the Claudii faction in Roman politics despite his mother's background. . When Scipio died suddenly and mysteriously one day, Gaius was one of many political enemies implicated in his death. ." Ano ang mga kasabihan sa sa aking kababata? Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. For the northern war, Marius recruited another popular army. 1963), give valuable accounts of Marius's career. Marius joined Cinna in his march on the city, collecting an army in Etruria and taking charge of Cinna's military operations. Appian adds that their homes were looted by their opponents. During the Jugurtha war, the Roman army was forced into a stalemate. The Roman Republic was built upon various laws as well as a government hierarchy that thrived through 500 years of control (Ducksters, 2019). [26], Fulvius gathered his supporters and they passed the evening in a drunken and raucous manner. [5], Gaius' social reforms were far wider reaching than the reforms of his brother Tiberius. Past Roman reforms only allowed the Capite Censi to join the military only if Rome were facing military emergencies. When Scipio the Younger agreed to represent the Italian allies, who were protesting the injustices done to them which Tiberius Gracchus' land reform was supposed to remedy, he won the hostility of the people, who accused him of standing against Tiberius Gracchus and wishing to abolish the law and incite bloodshed.[19]. Find an expression that represents, What country gained control of most of southern American during the 1800. The reforms of the army of 107 BC by Gaius Marius have been called the Marian reforms. Encyclopedia.com. He also introduced major reforms in the training and organization of the Roman legions, making the cohort, instead of the smaller maniple, the chief tactical unit. Encyclopedia.com. Ten years later, as military tribune, he may have served under Q. Caecilius Metellus Balearicus against the Balearic pirates. Gaius's political career began in 133 BC when he served with Tiberius's land-commission.

Fulvius' youngest son, who took no part in the fighting and merely acted as herald, was executed, though Appian holds that Opimius allowed him to choose his own manner of death. The people, realizing that their democratic cause was now dead, understood how deeply they missed the Gracchus brothers. This opportunity opened the military to any Roman male citizen, including the Plebeian classes. This quote means that Plutarch is restricted to the various statesmen that do not operate the same views and perceptions of the plebeian class (Matthew, 2010). ." He was elected praetor – the office below consul. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Marius had Rutilius Rufus tried for extortion as he incurred the hatred of the equestrian order. After these reforms were introduced, the Germanic and Celtic tribes were crushed by the revolutionised Roman army. His military reforms and great commands led to the growing involvement of the army in politics and the eventual collapse of the republican system. Men from the equestrian class often joined the lower ranks of the Senate in Ancient Roman society. Marius had Rutilius Rufus tried for extortion as he incurred the hatred of the equestrian order. World Encyclopedia. [12] The Lex Frumentaria required that the state buy bulk grain from North Africa and Sicily and distribute it to citizens at a low price, as a monthly ration. Opimius had made it his sole mission to unseat Gaius. When did organ music become associated with baseball? This is further reinforced by Carney’s, Journal of Hellenic Studies on page 28 of his 1960 book, “Plutarch had a conventionalised picture of good conservatives and bad demagogues”. Gaius's Lex Militaris provided for the free issue of clothes and equipment to soldiers, shortened the term of military service and forbade the draft of boys under the age of seventeen. It can be supposed, however, that both the Gracchi brothers would have come into contact with powerful members of both the Claudii and Cornelii Scipiones factions.[1]. The Ancient Roman Republic civilisation formed in c. 509 BCE and lasted until circa 27 BCE, whilst Rome was founded in c. 753 BCE. Then, by parlaying his relationships wit… [1], Courts with capital punishment, not set up by the people, were now declared illegal by a retrospective measure which saw the former consul Popilius Laenas driven into exile. Quintus Lutatius Catulus wrote angrily of Gaius Marius as Marius attempted to steal the credit of victory from Quintus at the battle of Vercellae. He chastised the people for standing by while Tiberius and his supporters were beaten and cited the unlawful sentences of exile that followed because the accused were not permitted to stand trial. His father, Tiberius Gracchus the Elder, was a powerful man in Roman politics throughout the 2nd century BC and had built up a large and powerful clientele largely based in Spain.

Marius then gained the full support of the plebeians, who contributed largely to Marius’ election to Consulship in 107 BCE along with full command of the war against Jugurtha (Taylor, 2017). He angered the Senate by proposing, How did the actions of Tiberius Gracchus change the Roman Republic?
His reorganization continued in effect through the early empire. In 103 the demagogue L. Appuleius Saturninus had attached himself to Marius's cause by passing legislation benefiting Marius's African veterans. In 126 BC, he became a quaestor in the Roman province of Sardinia, where his merits advanced his good reputation. Saturninus was tribune for the second time, and Glaucia was praetor; given the poverty of surviving sources, it is extremely difficult to understand either their political aims or Marius’ relationship to them.


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