So in 1850, under the leadership of In the early days of the European settlement of the Americas, neither Africans nor Native Americans fostered such ideological beliefs or created regulatory practices about social and sexual interactions.

Blacks have similarly been absorbed into Indian tribes, which was largely due to the fact that until 1909 it was against the law to live in the Southeast and be a Native American.

Some authorities even declared that this was the time when the Blacks emerged as a distinct social group, because they shared the experience of running away, resisting slavery, and fighting for their freedom. It is believed that the nickname may also have been bestowed upon the "Buffalo Soldiers" based on the fact that they usually wore long coats made of buffalo skin during the harsh winters on the Plains. They were required to pay a portion of their harvests to the Seminole leaders but enjoyed substantial autonomy in their own separate communities. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience.

Other Black Seminole groups formed independent communities and acted as allies who paid tribute to participate in mutual protection. There we were born and reared. Seminoles, the descendants of Black slaves. From the late 1690s until Florida became a U.S. territory in 1821, thousands of Native Americans and freedom seekers fled what is now the southeastern United States, heading not to the north, but rather to the relatively open promise of the Florida peninsula. They could also pickup trails from up to three weeks old, and even stay on a trail for months at a time. Originally, the army classified the maroons as Indians and indicated that the group could be settled on Indian land, but questions soon arose from Indian agents concerning the ethnicity of the group. The word Seminole comes from the Creek word "semino le" which means “runaway,” “emigrants who left the main body and settled elsewhere”, or “one who has camped out from the regular towns”. The case failed in U.S. District Court because the Seminole nation was not part of the case. The Black Seminoles were given an official tribal name: the Estelusti.

They were proactive in finding ways to survive economically in new environments, and were also skilled in their interaction with Native Americans. (Middle) Renty Grayson and wife Mary. The Seminoles were horrified by their allies with their to-the-death style of combat. Famed for their bravery, four of the Black Seminole scouts were awarded the Medal of Honour in the 1870s for gallantry in action during the Indian wars.

To the right, a Seminole mother and child. As usual, many historians have ignored the important cultural contributions of the Black and Indian relationships, since the background of European colonial imperialism has corrupted the intellect by “representing both Afrikans and Indians as uncivilized peoples without any histories, who have not contributed anything to the world”. In 1893, the U.S. sponsored Dawes Commission was designed to create a membership roster of who was and was not Seminole based on whether an individual had African heritage. The Seminoles gave them the tribal name of Estelusti, a Muskogee word for black.

These Black Mound Builders were the Washitaw-Muurs or Ouachita – Moors, and many were huge as attested by their ancient skeletons, measuring between 7 to 8 feet. These structures were built by the woolly-haired Black Native American people better known as the Mound Builders, who were the indigenous Inhabitants of North America and kin to the Olmecs of South America.

The white European contingent in the Americas found it convenient to maintain a white superiority by keeping non-whites in artificially constructed racial boxes, a "One Drop Rule" that said that if you had any African blood at all you were African and thus less entitled to rights and freedom in the new United States. The Black Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry regiment of the U.S. Army were based in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and were commanded by Colonel Benjamin Grierson. Bowlegs led his warriors in a series of raids on settlers, trappers, and traders. He governed Peliklakaha, also known as Abraham's Old Town, and married the widow of Chief Billy Bowlegs. Those treaties, like most of those made by the United States government to Native American groups in the 19th century, were broken. Consequently, the distinction between a runaway or slave became blurred and in due course vanished. The descendants who live in Coahuila, Mexico, refer to themselves as By this time more white settlers had moved to the Southwest using the Overland Trail to cross from Texas into New Mexico, Arizona and California, bringing them into conflict with south-western Indian tribes like the Comanches and Apaches who were also relocated from their traditional hunting grounds to reservations in the New Mexico Territory. On the left is Mikasuki Indian Doctor Tiger - Miami, Florida. The descendants of the Maroons or the Black Seminole community who live in West Texas today continue to use the name Seminole to set themselves apart from other Blacks, and to emphasize the pride they had in their unique history of having run away and resisted slavery. Twenty five miles north of the Gulf of Mexico up the Apalachicola River, more than 300 Blacks and Indians manned a fort called Negro Fort that the British had built for them. In 1879, Black Cherokees petitioned for full citizenship in the Cherokee Nation, declaring, "It is our country. The Army however, was powerless to remove all the Maroons and Seminoles from Florida, because many of them hid in the thick vegetation of the Everglades.

Two famous early Florida Indians who raised cattle were Chief Billy Bowlegs and Chief Cowkeeper.

Four days later, the famous Seminole leader Osceola (pronounced Asi-Yaholo) (left) attacked a column of 750 men under General Duncan Clinch in the Battle of Withlacoochee in Citrus County with only 250 warriors. Here are two Black Seminole Maroon Women. The Mexican government, which desperately needed people to patrol the Texas-Coahuila border against the Comanche and Apache raiders and looters, promised citizenship to the migrants in exchange for protecting the northern border. Although they owned 800 slaves, it was not in the traditional sense of using the plantation style of bondage, since the Black Maroons were not subordinate to their chiefs.

By the 1820s, an estimated 400 Africans were associated with the Seminoles and appeared to be wholly independent "slaves in name only," and holding roles such as war leaders, negotiators, and interpreters. The experience of the Black Seminoles was similar to other maroon societies that prospered throughout the Americas before slavery was abolished, and because they were in constant fear of being recaptured, they defended their freedom by developing extraordinary skills in guerrilla warfare. Bass Reeves therefore acquired the reputation as one of the most successful lawmen in the Indian Territory. This movement of Afrikans would have taken place during Pangaea, “a period when the Afrikan and American continents were joined together” as indicated by the similarity of tropical plants, animals, geographic traits, and their shapes fitting together like a piece of a puzzle. That suit was brought against the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Bureau of Indian Affairs: the Seminole Nation as a sovereign nation could not be joined as a defendant. In Mexico, Gopher John was given the name Juan Caballo or John Horse, because he was very good with horses, but he became very famous after joining the Mexican Army and fighting against Maximillian's troops. The Seminoles were an aggregate of linguistically and culturally diverse Native American nations, and they included a large contingent of the former members of the Muscogee Polity also known as the Creek Confederacy.

Adam Paine was awarded the Medal of Honour for gallantry in action on the Staked Plains. Chief Micanopy on his trip to Washington in 1826. In 2003, the Bureau of Indian Affairs issued a memorandum welcoming Black Seminoles back into the larger group. The soldiers spent the winter organizing and training before they were sent to San Antonio, Texas, in April 1867. The Black Seminoles eventually settled in Nacimiento where some of their descendants known as the Indios Mascogos still live to this day. Not every Black Seminole stayed in Florida or migrated to Oklahoma: A small band eventually established themselves in the Bahamas. He carried two big .45 calibre six-shooters with the handles facing forward, because he believed it was the fastest way to grip his guns. Leaders emerged from their communities who were savvy at understanding and negotiating with whites, but most importantly, all of these maroon communities borrowed, combined and integrated elements of their experiences into their own Afrikan heritage.

During the 18th century, a large number of the Maroons in Florida had been born and raised in the tropical regions of Kongo-Angola in Africa. Many tribal members did not have enough food or blankets, and as a result many died of starvation and disease while others were ambushed and killed by bandits who preyed on them. From 1873 to 1881 under the command of Lieutenant John Bullis, the Black scouts went on twenty-six expeditions and were engaged in twelve or more documented battles without suffering a single loss or incurring a serious injury even when greatly outnumbered, a credit to the Black Seminoles' skills and superior marksmanship. Books, movies and television shows have never spread their story, and as result, only a few people have heard or even know of their existence, or the mark the Seminole-Negro Indian Scouts left on the frontier west. The quality of life for ex-slaves improved as a result, and out of respect to the Indian chief, they paid a yearly tax of either corn or some other foodstuff for the common good, and in return for their allegiance, they were given the protection of the larger Seminole Indian community. On the right is a Black Cherokee. This detachment of Seminole Negro Indian Scouts formed the 9th Cavalry's M Company. The fact that they were not completely eradicated and still have descendants living today is testimony to their tenacity, bravery, and enduring strength of spirit. Seminole marriage rules said that a child's ethnicity was based on that of the mother: if the mother was Seminole, so were her children. On the left are some Mississippi Mound builders, the true khalifians. The Nisenan were a group of Native Americans and an Indigenous people of California from the Yuba River and American River watersheds in Northern California and the California Central Valley. The Spanish granted plots of land to the refugees north of St. Augustine, where the Maroons established the first legally sanctioned free Black community in North America, called Fort Mose or Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose.

Bitterly disillusioned, many of the scouts left for Mexico in 1914, never to return, where the Seminoles and Maroons once again found liberty and a sense of community across the Mexican border. The Black Seminole Scouts were the best desert fighters and fighters in the history of the United States Army. In 1871, Elijah Daniels' band and the Matamoros faction arrived at Fort Duncan, increasing the number of Black Seminole Scouts by eighteen.

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